Skinner, author of "Big Mac and the Tropical Forests," also expounds on Hardin's "all or nothing" rhetoric. According to Skinner, “South America's tropical forests are being destroyed to raise cattle for beef for companies like McDonald's and Swift-Armor Meat Company (413).” Skinner's argument supports Durning's argument because Skinner states that the amount of imported beef was “concomitant with this increase in consumption (415).” When North Americans import beef from Central and South American countries, they produce it where “Central Americans cannot afford their own meat” (415). From Joseph K. Skinner's point of view we are actually the people on the outside of the lifeboat. Skinner states that “the United States began to import beef, so much so that in 1981 about 800,000 tons arrived from abroad, 17% of it from Latin America and three-quarters from Central America (415)”. The way Skinner sees things, we are basically the people on the outside of the lifeboat. While Hardin claims that the poor have pirate tendencies, Skinner believes that Americans are the real pirates because we take things from others for our own benefit. It is clear that Garrett Hardin is using his rhetoric to make poor people the problem. After reading Joseph K. Skinner's article and Alan Durning's argument, one might believe that Garrett Hardin's perspective is no longer