Justin, a boy raised in a dog cage until the age of five, suffered abandonment similar to those previously mentioned. Justin was kept in a dog crate and rarely interacted with his caregiver, who lacked the attachment bond necessary for later development; his only attachment came from dogs (). As for the four factors that help strengthen the attachment between a child and his or her caregiver, contemporary factors played a role in this situation. Contemporary factors are influenced by an adult's skills needed to provide a strong and stable attachment (). Justin was left in the care of his grandmother, but when his grandmother died, he was left in the care of Arthur, Grandma Arthur's boyfriend. Arthur was an older man who had never had children and was limited in how to raise them. Other contemporary factors, such as the confidence and self-control needed to raise a child, impact the child's attachment development (). In Connor's case, he suffered from abandonment from birth until 18 months (). Connor had been neglected at all stages of development, which consequently limited his ability to form a secure attachment and rely on others for support and comfort. Connor was left alone throughout the day, creating an inconsistent and unstable perspective on how to do it