The term “psychological trauma” refers to the damage caused by a traumatic event, which impairs a person's ability to cope with stressors. “Trauma” is commonly defined as exposure to a situation in which a person is confronted with an event involving actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical well-being of self or others (American Psychiatric Association , 2000). . Specific types of client trauma frequently encountered by therapists and other mental health professionals frequently in a clinical setting include sexual abuse, physical or sexual violence, natural disasters such as earthquakes or tsunamis, domestic violence, and school- and/or work-related violence. (James & Gilliland, 2001). Traumatic events tend to overwhelm normal human adaptations to life. The severity of traumatic events cannot be measured on a single dimension; the primary characteristic of the traumatic event is its ability to inspire helplessness and terror. It is also important to realize that the survivor's experience of the traumatic event is a subjective experience of the objective event. Trauma itself can come in many forms, and there are big differences between the people who experience it and the types of reactions that trauma elicits in them. The ordinary human response to danger is a complex, integrated system of reactions that includes both the body and the mind. Threats profoundly stimulate the central nervous system, causing the body of the person in danger to initiate a rush of adrenaline and enter a state of alert (van der Kolk, 1987). Threats also focus a person's attention on the immediate situation, creating a loss of faith in any safety, predictability or meaning of the world, or in any other paper medium......I. (2004). Incessant self-care. In Berzott J. Silverman, ed. Living with death: A handbook for end-of-life healthcare professionals. New York: Columbia University Press, 848-867.Trippany, R. L., Kress, V. E. W, & Wilcoxon, S. A. (2004). Preventing vicarious trauma: What counselors should know when working with trauma survivors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82(1), 31-37.Ursano, R. J., Bell, C., Eth, S., Friedman, M., Norwood, A., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2004). Practical guidelines for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 571-575.van der Kolk, B. A. (1987). Psychological trauma. Virginia: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Wylie, M. K. (2004). The limits of discourse: Bessel Vander Kolk wants to transform the treatment of trauma. Psychotherapy networker, 28(1), 30-41.
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