Social workers often have clients who have experienced discrimination, oppression, or who are considered a vulnerable population. When working with these types of clients it is critical to understand the client's biological, psychological, and social context (Berzoff, 2011). The paradigm, also known as a model or framework, is called biopsychosocial. According to Garland and Howard (2009), “This paradigm, first articulated by physician George Engel (1977), holds that humans are dynamic systems whose functioning depends on the holistic integration of biological, psychological, and social factors; in fact, according to the biopsychosocial model, these factors are fundamentally interconnected and interdependent (p. 191). Experiences, whether positive or negative, influence all individuals in one, if not all, of these contexts. For example, according to Berzoff (2011), if a client experiences neglect and/or abuse, it will affect them biologically and psychologically and, in most cases, impact their social interactions with others in their social environments. Social workers must understand this framework and be able to implement it effectively in their clinical work with clients. Professionals should use this paradigm to explore, evaluate, and intervene with the client (Lundy,
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