After the National Party won the 1948 elections and introduced legislative measures to promote apartheid, harsher political repression occurred which led to greater organization among the blacks. Before the 1940s, society was often overwhelmed by the numerous acts of rebellion that many blacks performed in their daily lives; however, many black organizations refrained from visible grievances against the National Party government. In the 1950s and into the mid-1990s, the significant shift to new black political tactics that emphasized open protest became a driving force in the fight against apartheid. This new campaign of defiance was composed primarily of large-scale actions in which black political organizations and civic associations took on a powerful role in staging protests and creating growing unrest. The most significant were political activities; even activities that were originally non-political forms of defiance have become inadvertently politicized, such as criminal behavior prominently displayed by youth, squatter movements, and violations of the pass law. Politically challenging activities included the organizing of anti-apartheid parties such as the African National Congress, the Pan-Africanist Congress, and the United Democratic Front, and the politicization of trade unions and civic associations; the government's constant efforts have been unable to quell these actions. The acts of resistance by black South Africans, both political and seemingly non-political, ultimately united them in a massive struggle against racial oppression that ultimately destroyed apartheid. The main objective of the National Party when it came to power was to create programs to prevent the escalation of the “black peril” which the Smuts government failed to suppress. Immediate... middle of paper... Bonner, P. L. "Family, Crime, and Political Consciousness." Journal of South African Studies 14.3 (1988): 393-420. Print.Bonner, Phillip L. “The Politics of Black Squatter Movements on the Rand, 1944-1952.” Radical History Review 46.7 (1990): 89-115. Print.Lembede, A.M. “Some Fundamental Principles of African Nationalism.” Inyaniso Document 51 (1945): 314-18. Print.Marchi, Shula and Stanley Trapido. "South Africa since 1976: a historical perspective". South Africa: No Going Back (1988): 1-45. Print."Sharpeville Massacre - Sharpeville Massacre of March 21, 1960 - Preparation for the massacre." African History: Explore the history of Africa. Network. 07 April 2015..South Africa: overcoming apartheid. Network. 07 April 2015. .