An earlier study reviewed by researchers stated that nuclear localization signals are what allows RNA to enter the nucleus (Wu W, Pante N. 2009). This got them wondering whether or not there was a nuclear localization signal within a HCRSV viral protein. The localization of P23 was then tested using a transient expression method. The results of their experiment showed that a strong signal was detected in the nucleus of Kenaf leaf samples. This demonstrated that P23 was indeed localized to the nucleus and that a nuclear localization signal is present in P23 (Gao R, Liu P, Wong SM. 2012). P23 was also found to have the ability to bind to transporter proteins that enter the nucleus. This demonstrated that even if P23 was not localized to the nucleus, it could still enter it. The mode of entry into the nucleus was discovered by α-importin (Gao R, Liu P, Wong SM. 2012). This was discovered by experimenting with an anti-importin α antibody probe. α-Importin was detected only in the protein extract of P23 in the core sample from HCRSV-infected Kenaf (Gao R, Liu P, Wong SM. 2012). The researchers concluded from the results of the experiments that α-importin, P23, and HCRSV RNA form a complex that enters the nucleus to initiate RNA replication