The famous French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1897/1951) stated in his groundbreaking book Suicide: A Study in Sociology, that education “is only the image and reflection of society . It imitates and reproduces the latter in an abbreviated form; it does not create it” (p. 372). Therefore, Nieto and Bode's (2008) claims regarding the failure of our schools to provide all students, regardless of their background or situation, with equal and impartial educational opportunities are an indictment of the society in which these schools exist. America's democratic society provides equal rights and opportunities for all people, regardless of their creed, color, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or gender. Unfortunately, we have not lived up to the principles and, therefore, today we witness continued injustice in the country's schools, despite there having been a notable increase in awareness of how racism manifests itself in society (D'Andrea & Daniels, 2007) . . Beady and Hansell (1981) state that “the promise of school desegregation to reduce educational inequalities has remained largely unfulfilled” (p. 191). The 30 years that have passed since this statement was made have done little to change the truth. There are three types of racism observable in our society: (a) individual, (b) cultural, and (c) institutional (Constantine, 2006). as cited in D'Andrea & Daniels, 2007). While individual racism produces problematic and often dramatic manifestations, more subtle manifestations of cultural and institutional racism are also seen in schools. Individual racism occurs when white individuals treat members of other racial groups differently because the white individual believes that the person or group to which he or she belongs is intelligent...... middle of paper ..... .7966a2c9%40sessionmgr113Nieto, S ., & Bode, P. (2008). Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Tenenbaum, H. R., & Ruck, M. D. (2007, May). Are teacher expectations different for racial minorities than for European American students? A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 253-273. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.253Theoharis, G., & Haddix, M. (2011, August 22). Undermining racism and whiteness ideology: White principals experience a commitment to equitable and excellent schools. Urban Education, 46(6), 1332-1351. doi:10.1177/0042085911416012 Tyler, K. M., Boykin, A. W., & Walton, T. R. (2006). Cultural considerations in teachers' perceptions of student behaviors and outcomes in the classroom. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22, 998-1005. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2006.04.017