IndexKey findingsImportance and further future studiesConclusionIn 2017, the World Health Organization compiled a list of "pathogens priority", this list included 12 antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Acinetobacter baumannii has become “the priority pathogen for antibiotic research and development.” THERE. baumannii infects patients in intensive care units, demonstrates multidrug resistance, and can survive desiccation, nutrient starvation, and high concentrations of antimicrobials. The scientists performed the study to “illustrate how human products, particularly HSA, may play a significant role in both the survival and persistence of A. baumannii”. Acinetobacter baumannii has the ability not only to survive extreme conditions but also to carry out genetic transfers, or “acquire genetic material”. " Because of these characteristics, A. baumannii has become an important bacterium, causing hospital-acquired infections. This observation led Quinn et al. (2018) to “perform transcriptomic analysis of strain A118 under HSA induction to identify the genes altered by HSA. Their results showed “statistically significant differential expression of 296 protein-coding genes, including those associated with motility, biofilm formation, metabolism, efflux pumps, capsule synthesis, and regulation. transcriptional.” The team used phenotypic analysis for all of these traits and found “an increase in surface-associated motility, decreased biofilm formation, reduced activity of an enzyme associated with the citric acid cycle, and increased survival associated with zinc availability.” They also discovered alterations in genes known to be part of antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity of the bacteria. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Key findingsRNA-Seq technology was used to find genes altered under HSA conditions. The analysis showed a significant alteration in the expression of 296 coding genes. It was found that 23 genes showed upregulation and 273 genes showed downregulation. There was a change in the expression of genes involved in motility and persistence. Transcriptomic analysis showed 4 genes (pilQ, yebC, h-ns, exbD), involved in motility, demonstrating altered expression during HSA treatment. Motility tests were performed to determine the effect HSA had on “surface-associated motility.” Cells cultured in the presence of HSA showed an average increase of 7.28 mm in motility diameter, compared to those cells cultured in control media. PilQ was confirmed to show statistically significant upregulation by 1PCR analysis, under HSA induction. Quinn et al. (2018) examined “additional genes of type IV pilus biogenesis and functions,” they found that “22 genes were also upregulated and only two genes were downregulated during HSA induction. Yeb-C and h-ns, transcriptional regulators that may play a role in motility under HSA induction, were found to have altered expression during HSA treatment. NCBI BLAST and gene ontology analysis were used to identify yebC as a “putative transcriptional regulator that likely has sequence-specific DNA binding activity.” “YebC, together with the quorum quenching gene aidA, was significantly downregulated afterwardthe induction of HSA. The global transcriptional repressor h-ns was also downregulated. H-ns has been observed to be part of the regulation of gene expression of several virulence traits. It is believed that Exb-D may play a role in type IV pilus assembly and twitch motility. The gene was “demonstrated to be statistically significant and differentially expressed.” Downregulation of exb-D was detected. Two genes linked to biofilm formation, fimA and ompA, have been identified. Both were statistically differentially expressed, under HSA induction. With cells cultured in the presence of HSA, a 1.4-fold decrease in biofilm formation was observed. The K locus, which is associated with A. baumannii capsule synthesis, was upregulated in the presence of HSA. Global transcriptional regulators have a role in the expression of virulence characteristics, so plasma survival assays “in the presence of 25 nM and 25 uM zinc, respectively, were used to quantify the potential delay of immune clearance. Supplementing plasma samples with 25 nM zinc resulted in a 2.01-fold increase in 90-minute survival and a 2.10-fold increase in 120-minute survival. ""Bacterial hydrolases that use zinc as a cofactor have been shown to be an important part of the pathogenesis, encoding several metalloproteases and beta-lactamases that respond under various survival-threatening conditions, including: presence of beta-lactams, host, neutrophil secretion, cytokine/interleukin signaling, immunoglobulin action, and other immunological responses to pathogen invasion. In this study, multiple beta-lactam resistance mechanisms of A. baumannii were “differentially expressed in the presence of HSA,” upregulation was observed. The outer membrane protein CarO showed significant downregulation, and according to the authors of the study, it is known that “loss of CarO is A. baumannii 4 related to carbapenem resistance. When it was determined that CarO showed downregulation and two beta lactamases on the A118 genome were upregulated, sensitivity testing was performed. The only notable change was a slight decrease in the IMP inhibitory halo. This led to the conclusion that "HSA may play a role in the expression of genes related to beta-lactam resistance." HSA was also found to have the ability to influence the expression of genes related to metabolism. The transcriptome analysis revealed 61 statistically significant and differentially expressed genes involved in metabolism and metabolism. nutrient acquisition. Of these 61 genes, only 6 were found to be upregulated, the other 55 were all downregulated. Mdh and dctA are two such downregulated genes and are known to have direct links to “central metabolism.” It has been established that A. baumannii regulates and uses alternative metabolic pathways when necessary, so no reduced growth pattern was observed. Metal ions are essential for the survival of A. baumannii. A. baumannii has evolved a mechanism that “more efficiently sequesters and absorbs iron and zinc” in response to the host's ability to deplete these ions to limit pathogens. Ferric acid regulator (FUR) was downregulated during HSA induction. In summary, several relevant phenotypes associated with the pathoadaptability and pathogenesis of this pathogen have been studied. How HSA, an essential human protein, may play a role in the survival and persistence of a pathogen has been identified. Among the 296 genes that showed expression.