IndexWhat do you think are the governance challenges in global health?Pros of foreign aidCons of foreign aidResearch proposalIntroductionContextObjective of the studyLiterature reviewMethodologyDesignSettingsInclusion criteriaExclusion criteriaData collectionData analysisEthical considerationChallenges of the studyExpected outcomeWhat do you want to think are the governance challenges in global health? I think globalization is the main challenge in global health. According to Dodgson et. al., (2002) globalization as a historical process characterized by changes in the nature of human interaction in a number of social spheres including economic, political, technological, cultural and environmental. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get Original Essay Additionally, globalization has introduced or intensified cross-border health risks defined as risks to human health that transcend national borders in their origin or impact. Such risks may include emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, various non-communicable diseases (e.g. lung cancer, obesity and hypertension), and environmental degradation (e.g. global climate change). Furthermore, globalization is characterized by a growth in the number and degree of influence of non-state actors in health governance. Many argue that the relative authority and capacity of national governments to protect and promote the health of national populations has diminished in the face of globalization forces beyond national borders that influence key determinants of health and erode national resources to address their consequences . Finally, current forms of globalization appear to be problematic in sustaining, and even worsening, existing socioeconomic, political, and environmental problems. For example, reports that neoliberal forms of globalization have been accompanied by growing inequalities between rich and poor within and between countries. (Dodgson &WHO, 2002)What are the pros and cons of development assistance in international health? Use a cross-country comparison to answer this question. Foreign aid professionals help achieve the SDG goals, which aim for a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. Aid for Trade, in addition to the standard channels for the provision of official development assistance, is also provided to Aid for Trade for the least developed countries through the enhanced integrated framework. Most bilateral donors provide support in the form of grants. Assistance providers from developing countries, such as the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait, increased their commitments in 2013, reaching $1.8 billion and $832 million, respectively. The majority of Aid for Trade since 2006 has been provided in Asia and Africa, although with significant variations from year to year. In 2013, commitments to Africa totaled $19.3 billion, while flows to Asia reached $22.6 billion, or 41% of total Aid for Trade that year . It is humanitarian, the Ebola crisis has therefore highlighted the urgent need to step up international and national action to improve access to healthcare and medicines. Many countries contributed materially to the emergency response to the Ebola epidemic. Eradicate Disease: Most of the 5 million deaths that occur each year due to epidemics of major infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis,malaria and viral hepatitis occur in low- and middle-income countries. At the same time, 80% of deaths in 2013 due to non-communicable diseases – such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes – occurred in low- and middle-income countries. Lack of access to essential medicines is one of the factors contributing to these deaths, many of which were preventable. The recent Ebola crisis in West Africa only highlights the imperative to collectively address problems not only of access but also of innovation. (Force, 2015) Cons of Foreign Aid Foreign aid is wasted, as is the for post-tsunami reconstruction for Aceh and Nias in Indonesia and the Afghanistan Reconstruction Fund, originally designed to promote ownership and coordination, but flawed design features or donor behaviors, such as the use of parallel structures and l The allocation of resources within the common fund have sometimes undermined ownership. These funds were only marginally able to innovate and leverage resources and knowledge from suppliers external to the DAC. Foreign aid promotes favoritism, many other countries remain under aid. In a 2014 survey, the OECD identified seven countries that were under-aided in 2012, considering ODA received from DAC donors. These were Gambia, Guinea, Madagascar, Nepal, Niger, Togo and Sierra Leone. Bilateral ODA allocations are based on donor countries' priorities, often influenced by historical ties with recipient countries, as well as political considerations. Providing financial aid in the form of loans only leaves these poor countries deeper in debt and poverty, a group of highly indebted poor countries. HIPC countries also remain vulnerable to natural and man-made shocks. The Ebola epidemic has put severe pressure on already fragile infrastructure and health systems in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), recognizing the urgency of the situation, established a Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust to provide debt relief grants to the poorest and most vulnerable countries affected by natural catastrophes or public health disasters, including epidemics. The new trust fund is intended to complement donor financing and IMF concessional loans. The new facility was used to provide debt relief to the three West African countries most severely affected by the Ebola epidemic (Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone). (Force, 2015) What do you see as the three main challenges in managing (including prevention and risk reduction) PHEICs today? Use EBOLA as a reference point. Challenges observed included the wide geographic dispersion of cases in both Guinea and Liberia, as well as cases in the capital Conakry. Population movements along the porous boundary interfered with control measures, especially during the 21-day incubation period. Second, community resistance was, together with inadequate treatment facilities and insufficient human resources, the main obstacle to control. The importance of community engagement was recognised. Without community involvement and cooperation, technical interventions were doomed to fail. Third, strengthen primary health care along with essential capacities to detect and respond to health emergencies. (WHO, 2015) Research Proposal Tuberculosis Notification in Qatar, 2011-2015: Exploring the Completeness and Timeliness of Healthcare Provider Data. Introduction Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease and a serious problempublic health globally. According to the World Health Organization, 9.6 million people developed tuberculosis in 2014 and 1.5 million died from the disease worldwide. (WHO, 2015) Tuberculosis is a notifiable disease in Qatar. Any suspected or confirmed case of tuberculosis must be notified to the Ministry of Public Health to initiate investigations and control measures. Complete and timely notification of tuberculosis to public health authorities is one of the essential elements for tuberculosis control. This is done in order to identify any cases or outbreaks and prevent further transmission; and monitor the treatment completion rate and tuberculosis cure rate. (WHO, 1998 p.9). Tuberculosis is one of 67 notifiable communicable diseases in Qatar. There are two types of communicable disease notifications in Qatar. Category one: Incidence is to notify immediately by telephone, fax or email (within 24 hours) and category two is to notify as soon as possible (no less than 72 hours). Tuberculosis belongs to the category that is notified immediately by telephone or fax or email within 24 hours of identification. To date, only one study has been conducted in Qatar (Garcell et al. 2014) that assessed the quality of data reporting for all communicable diseases. No specific studies have explored tuberculosis-specific reporting in terms of timeliness and completeness, and there are no qualitative studies that have explored the reasons for poor reporting of tuberculosis reporting data in Qatar. Research questions: What is the quality of tuberculosis notification in terms of completeness and timeliness provided by the healthcare provider to the Ministry of Public Health of Qatar for the period 2011-2015? And what are the reasons for the poor quality of reporting? Study Objective To explore the completeness and timeliness of data on healthcare provider tuberculosis notifications to the Ministry of Public Health in Qatar in 2011-2015. Explore reasons for poor quality reporting of tuberculosis notification data Provide recommendations on improving the quality of tuberculosis data provided by healthcare providers. Literature review In the Global Tuberculosis (TB) report 2015, an estimated 9.6 million incident tuberculosis cases globally in 2014 and 1.5 million died from the disease. Compared to other infectious diseases, tuberculosis has been found to be increasing worldwide. Similarly, according to WHO (2015), “despite progress and despite the fact that almost all cases can be cured, tuberculosis remains one of the world's major threats”. In Qatar, however, tuberculosis is not the main problem but migrant workers with a high prevalence of tuberculosis contribute to a high number of patients. The total cases in 2013 are 465; 97.9% of the expatriates were mainly young males and 2.1% were locals. Of these, 33.4% are Nepalese, 21.1% Indian, 16.6% Filipino and 23.2% other citizens. (SCH, 2014). Surveillance is one of five essential components of the original World Health Organization (WHO) framework for effective tuberculosis control (the DOTS strategy). Furthermore, WHO defines public health surveillance as “the continuous and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data necessary for the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice”. The quality of data on reported cases is essential, so it is important to report them accurately and completely in a timely manner to begin epidemiological assessment and implement control measures as soon as possible (WHO,2006). Incompleteness and late reporting of notifiable infectious diseases have been witnessed before. Several studies have observed late and incomplete notifications of infectious diseases (Doyle et al., 2002; Fahey, 2011; Jajosky & Groseclose, 2004; Lo et. al., 2011; Yoo et al., 2009). In Ireland, although reporting of infectious diseases is mandatory, Nicolay et. al. (2010) point out that the incompleteness and timeliness of the notification was also noted. Additionally, some states impose penalties for individuals who fail to report as required by law (CDC, n.d.). However, according to WHO (2012), tuberculosis reporting is not mandatory in all countries, despite the importance of tuberculosis to public health. Although tuberculosis reporting is required by law in some states, enforcement of the law is weak. Methodological Design This study will be a quantitative study followed by a qualitative study among healthcare workers. First, we will explore the quality of the tuberculosis notification form in terms of timeliness and completeness provided by healthcare workers from different hospitals and clinics in Qatar in 2011–2015, using secondary data available from the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH). Second, target healthcare workers in healthcare facilities or institutions that have a high rate of incomplete and late notifications using individual interviews and explore the reasons for under-reporting of TB notification data. And make recommendations on how to improve the quality of tuberculosis data provided by the healthcare provider. Setting. Data will be extracted from TB notification surveillance registers held by MoPH in Qatar provided by Hamad MedicalCorporation (HMC), Primary Health Center Corporation (PHCC), private hospitals and clinics from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2015. Inclusion Criteria All suspected or confirmed cases of tuberculosis, residents of Qatar, any citizen visited by doctor in government or private hospitals or clinics. Exclusion criteria Expatriates who are visitors, non-residents of Qatar and already screened by the medical commission with undetermined tuberculosis result. Data CollectionData will be extracted from the actual tuberculosis notification form submitted by the treating physician upon diagnosis of a tuberculosis case. A random sample will be selected for data extraction for this study. The sample of forms will consist of 30% of all forms received by the MoPH: 30% in 2011, 30% in 2012, 30% in 2013, 30% in 2014 and 30% in 2015. On an annual basis, the MoPH is informed 87% of tuberculosis cases. Therefore, it is estimated that 30% data will be extracted from 487 modules. Demographic data such as ID, gender, age, marital status, nationality, occupation, place of work, contact number, travel history, immunization status, disease onset date, notification date, referral insights and laboratory tests conducted at the time of diagnosis will be extracted from the tuberculosis notification form received in the period from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015 received from the Communicable Disease Control (CDC) Surveillance Section of the MoPH. The top 4 highest percentages of incomplete and late notifications in different hospitals and clinics will conduct healthcare workers (2 doctors and 2 nurses/infection control) an in-depth interview to explore the under-reporting of tuberculosis notification data. Data Analysis Data will be entered using Microsoft Excel and converted in STATA format and the data will be analyzed using STATA version 13.0. The frequency with percentages for the categorical variable and the will be calculated.