IndexHistoryNatureHow to enter the nanoworldMain components of AFMContact modeAdvantagesNon-contact modeAdvantagesTapping modeAdvantages Molecular beam epitaxy Atomic layer epitaxyNanotubesUltra Ever DryConclusionHistorySince the beginning of the human race man is becoming more intelligent , better and innovative. He materialized those aspects that were beyond his limits. After the invention of fire and the wheel, a great revolution occurred in many areas of science. The introduction of gears was only the beginning of the mechanical age which in turn gave rise to classical science and mechanics. Machines were developed, the problem was that they required large amounts of resources to produce. More space occupied, less efficiency, various environmental factors determine its operation. In 1959, physicist Richard Feynman talked about nanotechnology in his speech “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” In this talk he described how we can manipulate and work at the atomic and molecular level. Professor Norio Taniguchi was the man who gave nanotechnology its name. It wasn't explored much until 1981, when Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the tunneling microscope (STM) which helped work on the nanoscale. For this they won the Nobel Prize in 1986. Subsequently, within 20-25 years, this “dwarf” took on a “gigantic” appearance in the era of modern science and is still developing and advancing. This is the role of nanotechnology that converted the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) into a simple computer and then into a laptop. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get Original Essay Nature Nanotechnology offers us a large space in a very small area and allows us to combine billions of components in a very small area. Computer manipulation works on Boolean logic gates (which report 1 as true and 0 as false) but in computers it is practically maintained by voltages with the help of transistors. The device used in the ENIAC (first computer) for manipulation was a vacuum tube (consisting of cathode and anode), this vacuum tube was larger in size and less efficient. Just 20,000 transistors took up about 200 square meters of space, weighed about 35 tons, and consumed about 20 homes' worth of electricity per hour. The introduction of transistors (consisting of semiconductors rather than electrodes) revolutionized the entire computer market. Today it is only thanks to nanotechnology that a single 2cm square chip contains billions of transistors. Nanotechnology is a branch that technically deals with the issue of dimensions smaller than 100 nanometers where a nanometer itself is one billionth of a meter. To get an idea of ​​the nanometer, make 25400000 pieces of an inch and take just one piece, this is a member of the nanometer family. The thickness of a newspaper is approximately 100,000 nanometers. Nanotechnology in simple words is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. At the nanometric level, some amazing properties of atoms and molecules can be observed such as heat, electricity, optics and many others. Now working on such nanoscale is a big job because manipulation, guidance, energy storage are some factors that resist the large and rapid change in the nanoworld. AFM (atomic force microscopy) helps to understand the shape through proper topographic imaging. AFM is the modified version of STM. How to enter the nano world AFM (atomic force microscopy) helps to gather information about any nanoparticle, also provides a proper insight into its shape, size and properties.Main Components of AFM Cantilever: It is made of Si3N4 OR Yes. It is the most important component of the AFM that reads the surface. It is used for surface scanning. The resolution of the image depends on the sharpness of the tip, the sharper the tip, the more depressions will be detectable. Force sensors: These sensors calculate the force between the cantilever tip and the sample. Light Lever Sensor: Monitors cantilever deflection. The laser beam shows a deflection every time the cantilever shows movement. Feedback Control: Creates a fixed relationship between the probe and the surface and ensures you do not stray from the path. And it gives feedback to the system. Create a geographic model of the particle simply by “touching, feeling, tapping.” Touch means that the tip just touches the surface and is dragged across the surface gently and smoothly, a corresponding three-dimensional topographical image is formed, while in the case of sensation it means that a constant distance is maintained between the tip and the surface of the nanoparticle . But the interception method is a combination of both. The movement of the cantilever is proportional to the output of the photodetector. Contact modeIn this mode the cantilever moves across the surface and maintains contact during the observation. It's just like moving the bristles of a paintbrush across a rough surface from different directions and delicately tracing its path at every instant. The location of the bristle taken as feedback gives rise to a topographic image that tells its shape and size. A laser beam is projected onto the cantilever and then the movement of the laser beam reflected by the cantilever is recorded on a photodiode, this creates the same pattern of peaks and valleys analyzed by the tip.AdvantagesDue to the movement of the tip in a particular direction, its speed of scanning is very high. It helps to find the strength of the sample pieces, sometimes even viruses. Resolution at the atomic level is possible. Disadvantages The tip slipping on the surface damages the sample and the resolution of the sample is affected. Lateral forces such as friction and adhesive cause some unwanted movements due to which the sample is affected. Capillary forces also affect the tip and sample. Non-contact mode In this mode the tip moves just above the sample surface while maintaining a constant distance from it. As the tip approaches the field of attractive forces of the sample surface, the tip bends towards the sample and is brought closer to the field as repulsive forces come into play that push it back from the sample surface. Now the cantilever is held in such a way as to counteract the situation and maintain a constant distance between the sample and the surface. Then a laser beam is projected again and picked up by the sensors and forms a 3D topographic model.AdvantagesThere is no direct contact between the surface and the tip of the cantilever, so no damage occurs. No effect of lateral forces. Lateral resolution is reduced to a minimum. To avoid slow contact scanning. Tapping Mode In this mode the cantilever oscillates at its resonant frequency. An electronic feedback loop maintains the amplitude of the oscillation. This avoids damage to the sample. Force oscillation and amplitude that help detect different types of forces. It's actually a combination of two others. Advantages Due to the oscillation, the time period of the forces and its effect are reduced. The resolution of the sample increases. Champion damage is reduced and scan speed is slow. Manufacturing Manufacturing at the nanoscale is challenging work. It is very important because it decides the resistance, the.