In South Korea there is a saying “if you sleep now, you will dream”. But if you study now, you will realize your dream.” It sounds interesting, but this is just one of the few “daily life propaganda” aimed at South Korean students to control their sleepiness. However, to be honest, it is difficult to deny that in most cases they have not been so successful: this is precisely the fundamental desire of our sleepiness. It would therefore be superfluous to say how painful it is when you have a problem sleeping. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Unfortunately, many people in the world, even at this time, have difficulty controlling their sleep, whether their problem is caused by the lack of it, or the flood of it. But if there is action, there must be reaction. Just as sleep disorders are painful problems, there are also many studies on sleep disorders to help patients who are diagnosed with them. Here we will focus on the basic element: the amount of sleep and the disorders related to this concept. This will lead us to focus mainly on two disorders, hypersomnia and insomnia. Although they seem like two extremes, hypersomnia and insomnia actually have a lot in common when it comes to treatments for them and their relationship with schizophrenia and neurocognitive disorders. They also have in common the fact that much has been revealed about them, while much still remains to be discovered. First, hypersomnolence disorder is characterized by several diagnostic criteria. It is characterized by self-reported excessive sleepiness (hypersomnolence) despite a main sleep period lasting at least 7 hours. In order to diagnose hypersomnolence disorder, excessive sleepiness must occur at least three times a week, for at least three months. Although the disorder is characterized by “self-reported” hypersomnolence, this will be followed by accompanying significant distress or impairment in cognitive, social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The diagnostic criteria of the disorder also emphasize that hypersomnolence disorder can only be diagnosed when the hypersomnolence, or in other words excessive sleepiness, cannot be well explained by other foreseeable causes, such as another psychological or physiological disorder. (APA, 2013) Risk factors for hypersomnolence disorder include viral infections, such as those caused by HIV pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis, and Gullain-Barré syndrome. Such viral infections account for 10% of all reported cases of hypersomnolence disorder. When it comes to the genetic risk factor, there is a genetic inheritance of hypersomnolence disorder, in an autosomal dominant pattern. (APA, 2013) When it comes to the prevalence of the disorder, 1% of the general European and US population experience episodes of sleep inertia. Among individuals who attend sleep disorder clinics complaining of daytime sleepiness, 5% ~ 10% are diagnosed with hypersomnolence disorder. The disorder occurs with relatively equal frequency in males and females. (APA, 2013) Insomnia is characterized by several diagnostic criteria. It is characterized by dissatisfaction with the quality and/or quantity of sleep, which causes disruption in daily functioning. To be diagnosed with insomnia, you must have difficulty sleeping at least three nights a week, and the disruption must occur despite having sufficient opportunities to sleep. The disorder's diagnostic criteria also point out that a person can only be diagnosed with insomnia when his or her sleep disturbances cannot be well explained byother foreseeable causes, such as another psychological or physiological disorder. (APA, 2013) Risk factors for insomnia include temperamental factors such as anxiety and worry, predisposition to high arousal, and suppression of anxiety.emotions. Environmental risk factors such as extreme temperatures, altitude, light and noise should also be taken into consideration. Genetically, insomnia appears to be shared in first-degree family members, although the extent to which this link is inherited through a genetic predisposition, learned from observation of parental patterns, or established as a byproduct or other shared disorder remains undetermined. (APA, 2013) When it comes to the prevalence of the disorder, population-based estimates indicate that approximately one-third of adults report symptoms of insomnia, 10% ~ 15% of them experience associated daytime disturbances, and 6% ~ 10% experience symptoms that meet the criteria for insomnia disorder. Insomnia is believed to be more common among women and the elderly. (APA, 2013) The most common feature found in both hypersomnia and insomnia is that treatment against them relies primarily on oral medications. In the case of hypersomnolence disorder, the most common forms of treatment include oral medications such as antidepressants, modafinil, and xirem (sodium oxybate). (Living with Insomnia, 2013) Antidepressants are particularly preferred since they can address the most common form of comorbidity exhibited by hypersomnolence disorder: the accompanying depression. (Living with Insomnia, 2013) In the case of insomnia, there are myriads of commercial oral medications for the treatment of insomnia, which is in line with the high prevalence related to the disorder. However, the most popular chemical for treating insomnia is zolpidem tartrate, which is sold on the market in many commercial forms such as Ambien, Stilnox, and Konics. Although initially an antipsychotic for schizophrenia, quetiapine is also commonly used to treat insomnia. Best of all, because quetiapine is prescribed by both the neurology department and the psychiatry department, unlike many other antipsychotics, quetiapine is commonly prescribed to more severe patients who have not been greatly affected by other sleeping pills. However, hypersomnia and insomnia also have in common that, although treatment with oral medications is the main pre-existing treatment, the limitations of such treatment are still clear and the importance of other forms of treatment is recently under reflectors in accordance with these limitations. . In the case of hypersomnolence disorder, although antidepressants are commonly used, one should not forget that they can cause various types of unexpected side effects, usually due to the direct influence of antidepressants on neurotransmitters. Modafinil cannot really be a good alternative to antidepressants since modafinil is not used in children and patients at high risk of psychosis due to its even more serious side effects: severe rashes on patients' skin, dangerous for children, and a 'high possibility of causing psychosis such as anxiety disorder or bipolar disorder. (Naver Medication Information, 2013) Xyrem also has its own problem: the issue of safety. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, xirem's mechanism of action is simply unknown. (USA FDA, 2005) Even in the case of insomnia, the importance of cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of the disorder is recently being noted. Such cognitive behavioral therapy includes relaxation therapy, stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction therapy and cognitive therapy. (Cline,.