I think in today's justice system we look at the perpetrator as the person who physically hurts another person, but we actually need to look at domestic violence beyond just physical violence. Many times there are cases where an individual controls another individual and uses psychological threats to influence a person's self-esteem and self-esteem, which could mentally harm that individual. Coercive control occurs when a person takes away the victim's freedom or independence and deprives them of their sense of self. Ignoring signs of coercion can lead to acts in which an individual attempts to harm themselves and/or others around them. The justice system must start considering domestic violence cases abroad not only as physical but also psychological phenomena. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay The role of gender has no effect on whether a person is violent as women are equally likely to show violence in an intimate relationship with family or loved ones. there are also cases in which the roles of victim and perpetrator can change. The extent of domestic violence is not only on a physical level but also on a psychological level as an individual goes through a lot of emotional trauma in an intimate relationship which can actually cause a role reversal between victim and offender as the victim had done once. they have reached their breaking point and want the pain and suffering they have endured to end. One article I read was “Psychoanalytic Psychology Woman Subjected to Domestic Violence: The Impossibility of Separation:” This article examines how women involved in domestic violence relationships cannot simply leave the toxic relationship and the everlasting effects the relationship has on woman. We find alarming statistics on domestic violence as it relates to women such as “In the United States, approximately one in four women will experience domestic violence in their lifetime (Metz, Calmet, & Thevenot, 2018, p. 1). A study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Justice, found the following: “Approximately 1,200 women are killed by intimate partners each year” (Metz, Calmet, & Thevenot, 2018, p. 1. Many women they are unable to free themselves from the control their partner has over them and the violence that persists. We often blame these victims by saying they had the choice to leave and chose to stay when in reality simply leaving the toxic relationship sheds no light .the emotional trauma these victims have endured aware of the different. issues involved such as the partner's responsibility in the violence, their desire for recognition, the childhood issues involved, they recognize that the separation has not solved all their difficulties, memories of being controlled and above all of violence haunt them, the Importance of psychological therapists is highlighted here by their role in helping women rebuild their lives. (2018, p. 2-3). Being in such a toxic relationship goes far beyond the physical areas of the relationship. The coercive control that their partner subjects these women to leaves a long-term effect on these women that they simply cannot escape. Many times people involved in toxic relationships related to domestic violence seek help after the fact. This sheds light on how important it is to allocate resources for people who oncehave been victims of domestic violence. One article I read that shows the criminal justice system's comfort with domestic violence issues is “Challenging the Pursuit of Criminalization in an Era of Mass Incarceration: The Limits of the Social Work Response to Domestic Violence in the States United." This article analyzes the criminal justice system's response to the growing concern about domestic violence and the resources it allocates not only to victims but also to the perpetrator. As domestic violence has become a huge problem across the nation, two significant policies have been put in place to try to combat this widespread epidemic. One is the mandatory arrest of at least one individual when police are called to a scene where domestic violence has taken place. “By the late 1980s, mandatory arrest laws or state legislation that mandated the arrest of at least one person when the police are involved in a domestic violence situation swept the nation and is now a policy in at least half of the states (Kim, 2013, p. 1280). Another policy that had a significant impact on domestic violence across the nation was the "Violence Against Woman Act". “The second occurred in 1994 with the passage of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), the first federal law legislating the criminal legal response to violence against women” (Kim, 2013, p. 1280). This policy provided protection to women who had previously suffered violent abuse through domestic violence, dating violence, and sexual assault. These policies have allowed women to seek protection across the nation as domestic violence is a crime in all 50 states. As you can see, domestic violence is a huge problem nationwide which has led to the development of many professional positions where individuals are trained to engage and deal with victims and offenders in the prevention of such issues. Author Mimi E. Kim stated the following: Professional positions that have become associated with the field of domestic violence, such as crisis worker, shelter advocate, legal advocate, therapist, and victim witness advocate, have become routine in a set of professional skills, tasks and assumed relationships consistent with the collaborative relationship between civil society and the criminal justice system that had since been firmly established” (2013, page 1285). These positions of trained individuals are vital to the protection of individuals who are victims of domestic violence. Without these trained professionals one would not be able to seek the help they need due to the trauma they suffered in their toxic relationship. Statistically analyzing domestic violence in the United States, SI examined the article “Nonfatal Domestic Violence, 2003-2012.” This article analyzed data submitted to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey from 1993-2012. Domestic violence can be classified into several categories, such as cases of rape, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated and simple assault, all of which can be committed by the individual's intimate partner, immediate family members, or their relatives. When the police face a situation where domestic violence has taken place, one might think that the man is the perpetrator and the woman the victim, as males are generally physically stronger than females, but in reality both partners can play the role of victim and perpetrator. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey of the years 1993-2012 “In 2003-2012, the rate of violence fromintimate partner violence (3.9 per 1,000) was higher than the rate of violence by immediate family members (1.1 per 1,000) and other relatives (0.6 per 1,000) (Truman, & Morgan, p. 541). What these statistics say is that individuals in intimate relationships engage in acts of domestic violence at a higher rate than their immediate family members, and that immediate family members engage in acts of domestic violence at a higher rate than other relatives. Intimate relationships can also be classified into three different categories: spouses, boyfriend or girlfriend, and ex-spouses. The data presented in this article shows that “The rate of intimate partner violence by boyfriends or girlfriends (2.1 per 1,000) was greater than violence perpetrated by spouses (1.3 per 1,000) and ex-spouses (0 .5 out of 1,000)” (Truman, & Morgan, page 541). Women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence than men, as stated: “A greater percentage of females (37%) have been victims of serious domestic violence than males (10%) (Truman, & Morgan, p. 543). Analyzing this article we see that the data reported is limited. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey carried out by the Bureau of Statistics over the years 2003-2012, we see that there are cases where just under half of domestic violence cases go unreported. “In 2003-2012, approximately 55% of domestic violence was reported to the police” (Truman, & Morgan, p. 548). This means that many times police and domestic violence statistics go unreported. What is also alarming is the fact that many times these people do not seek the assistance available to them that could help prevent future domestic violence from occurring. “In 2003-2012, a greater percentage of victims of intimate partner violence (24%) received assistance from a victim services agency than victims of violence by immediate family members (18%), other relatives ( 9%) acquaintances (9%), or strangers (9%) (Truman, & Morgan, p. 550). Many times perpetrators of domestic violence try to indirectly try to regain control of their victims through the legal system. When individuals with past relationships have children involved, the custody process is one way the abusive relationship can continue. An article I read that shows how offenders try to maintain control over their ex-partner is "How Domestic Violence Abusers Use Custody Procedures in Family Courts to Abuse Victims and How Courts Can Put a Stop to It ". “Domestic violence is defined as “a pattern of behavior in a relationship by which the abuser attempts to control his victim through a variety of tactics” (Cambell, Emmaline, p. 41). Some tactics that batsmen try to use are their sons. Just because the relationship ends doesn't mean the kids leave. Many abusers use their children to stay in touch with their partner. They try to manipulate the judges by remaining calm and presenting themselves professionally so that the judges will grant them custody of the children. “Many abusers may be violent at home in private, but to the outside world appear to be caring and devoted family men” Cambell, Emmaline, p. 43). This can be very misleading as when these abusers appear in court, this may lead judges to give more favorable outcomes towards the perpetrators rather than towards the victims. In terms of custody rulings when children are involved, judges may award custody to parents because they are more open to sharing the children with the other parent. “According to the AmericanBar Association, as of 2008, 32 states included the “parent friendly” presumption as a factor in the best interests of the child analysis” (Cambell, Emmaline, p. 46). The article defines “parent friendly” assumptions in that the parent who is more generous in sharing the child with the other parent has a greater ability to provide for that child. This is very misleading as many batsmen try to manipulate the judges using their own strength. their children to stay in contact with the victims they abused. Previously, an officer had to witness a misdemeanor crime before making a warrantless arrest. This posed the problem that if the act was not performed in front of an officer, no arrest was made. Just because an officer didn't see the incident happen in front of him doesn't mean it wasn't a case of domestic violence. By the mid-1980s, an executive order eliminated restrictions on incident attendance, and by 1992, 47 states and the District of Columbia authorized warrantless arrests in domestic violence cases. One article I analyzed was “Drawing the Necessary Line: A Review of Domestic Violence Statutes in the United States.” This article examines how states may vary from one another in the laws they enact to prevent the nationwide problem of violence by those entitled to protection orders from their partner in domestic violence cases. Courts impose the right to grant a person a restraining order, protective order, injunctive relief and court orders. Courts use these orders sparingly because they force the offender to leave the home even if that person owns the home, require the offender to attend counseling, limit visitation rights to children, and grant the victim exclusive rights to certain personal property, such as cars regardless of title. These are used in cases where there is evidence that the respondent posed a threat to a person, often to the degree of reasonable doubt “A Department of Justice study found that assaults between couples occur in shared residences on 58, 1% of the time, but in situations where the victim and offender reside separately only 25.3% of the time” (Greenlees, 2012 p. 679). All 50 states and the District of Columbia grant court protection orders to victims of domestic violence. Judges require serious incidents of domestic violence to occur before issuing an order of protection because they deprive a person of his or her constitutional rights. In order for an individual to receive access to protective orders, individuals must be in or previously engaged in a dating relationship. A dating relationship is difficult to define as it varies from state to state. The laws in the United States in terms of dating relationships generally fall into four categories States that provide protection but lack a true definition of what a dating relationship is, states that provide protection and have a definition of what a dating relationship is dating, states that it uses a hybrid model, which incorporates a definition of dating violence across a list of factors to help a judge decide whether or not a dating relationship is present; and States that do not allow protective orders. States that lack a definition of dating relationships; “These states have regulatory language that provides that “adults or minors who are or have been dating” may receive orders of protection against an abuser or those “persons currently or formally involved in a romantic relationship” (Greenlees, 2012, pg.