Millions of people are chronically infected with HBV worldwide despite the use of an effective vaccine. Infected people are at high risk of developing liver cancer. Although there are current treatment regimens that can effectively suppress HBV viral replication, the virus has a unique replication strategy that allows the virus to persist within infected hepatocytes and ultimately cause a relapse of viral activity within of the infected individual. Progress in understanding HBV replication and developing more effective therapeutic strategies aimed at achieving long-lasting viral control is hampered. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay The covalently closed circular DNA involved in the viral production of the virus has not yet been identified. The virological and immunological mechanisms that prevent the eradication of the virus and lead to the development of chronic infections are still poorly understood. A new strategy that scientists are trying is to predict the possibility of achieving an off-treatment sustained viral response (SVR) after PEG-IFN treatment. Successfully completing this process and combining sustained suppression of HBV-DNA off-treatment with reduced levels of HBsAG, which are quantitatively measured during treatment. The chimpanzee is the only host completely susceptible to HBV infection due to similarities in their immune system compared to that of humans. This is demonstrated by the induction of acute infections and hepatitis after injection of serum from human carriers of the hepatitis B virus. Although chimpanzees do not usually suffer from chronic liver disease, they are the only primates known to develop a cellular response and a set of symptoms when infected with HBV, similar to those seen in humans. For this reason, researchers have relied heavily on chimpanzees to study the pathogenesis of acute HBV infection. These primates have played an essential role in the development of a safe and effective vaccine that will neutralize HBV-specific antibodies and also determine the half-life of circulating HBV virions to predict the degradation of these molecules and evaluate patients over time. The vaccine was also tested against various mutations of the hepatitis B virus, including drug-resistant pathogens, by repurposing homologous or heterologous viruses into chimpanzees. Because sequential liver biopsies can be obtained throughout the course of infection, chimpanzees represent an extremely valuable infection system for the prospective analysis of intrahepatic virological changes and immune responses. These studies are primarily used to investigate the relationship between host and virus providing evidence that hepatocellular damage caused by HBV is predominantly affected by the host immune system and therefore in self-limited acute infection, CD8 T cell responses to proteins of HBV are stronger than expected. While the HBV-specific CD8 T cell response plays a critical role in destroying the invading virus, CD4 T cell depletion experiments have demonstrated that these cells do not directly participate in viral clearance, although they may contribute to inducing and maintaining the B cell and CD8 T cell responses in chimpanzees Keep in mind: this is just one example. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a Custom Essay Productive HBV infection is limited to humans and chimpanzees. The limitations of being forced to use tall primates, such as chimpanzees, as.