India, before 1947, was a country divided by many regions, languages, religions and cultures. On 14 August 1947, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan became independent. On August 15, 1947, the jewel of the British Empire, India, gained independence. India had been divided, mainly along religious lines, into two parts. There are many different reasons why the split occurred. When the British oppressed India, they adopted a “divide and conquer” policy that exacerbated existing religious and cultural fractures in society. The Muslim League, believing in the ideology of “Pakistan”, actively campaigned for greater support from Muslims in India, especially under the leadership of dynamic leaders like Jinnah. Pakistan's leader and founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, believed that this partition was inevitable because "[a] united India would never work" (Komireddi 2009). He and others believed that a unified nation would only lead to the marginalization of Muslims and, ultimately, violence and civil war. The Indian National Congress also took many small decisions that convinced many members of the Muslim League that a unified India was not possible. Ultimately, there were several reasons for the emergence of a separate Muslim homeland in the subcontinent, and all three parties: the British, Indian and Muslim elites played an important role. As Hindus in northwestern India moved south, Muslims moved north. in Pakistan; millions were displaced, thousands were massacred due to the riots and the birth of both countries was greeted with death and destruction. Many believe that Muslims accepted partition and moved to Pakistan “not because they regarded it, as the official Pakistani narrative suggests, as if the land… at the center of the map… bore the title of Governor-General rather than Prime Minister, which underlined links to the inherited autocratic British viceregal system. Both of them died even before the formation of the Pakistani Constitution in 1956, and without having clarified their vision of Pakistan. Their deaths created a leadership vacuum and political frenzy within the Pakistani government (Jaffrelot 2011). Pakistan's ruling elite did not have the same levels of popular mandate and structure that the Congress had in India. The Muslim League was composed of culturally migrant Indian political elites who lacked the basic prestige of “Indian revolutionaries” like Gandhi and Nehru (Darby 2013). It took Pakistan eight years to resolve issues relating to the national language, the role of religion within the state and federal structures, by which time a near-coup and rigged elections had taken place (Oldenburg 2010).