The Industrial Revolution in the United States, which occurred in the years 1760-1840, was a notable turning point in history. Many advances were made during this era, including the increased use of steam power, the invention of machine tools, and the development of factories. While these improvements have contributed greatly to our country's economic success, these advances have also had very unfortunate consequences. Child labor increased dramatically during the Industrial Revolution and led to illnesses, injuries, and even the death of many children. There were many factors that led to child labor during the Industrial Revolution. One of its main causes has been the extensive poverty that many families face. During this period, the average adult income was very low and there was no minimum wage. Many parents felt they had to choose between sending their children to work to help put food on the table. A second cause of child labor was market demand. Employers often preferred to hire children because they were less expensive than their adult counterparts and could be easily eliminated if their need for workers diminished. Furthermore, employers did not have to worry about children forming gangs to make greater demands and protect themselves. A third determining factor for child labor was the lack of educational opportunities. In many areas there were no local schools within walking distance. Education was also considered too expensive and useless for many people. For countless families, entering the workforce was a much more productive way for their children to spend their time. ("The causes and consequences of child labor"). Child labor has had extremely harmful effects on children. Lewis Hine took thousands of these photos which were published in newspapers and progressive publications (Lewis Hine's Photography and The End of Child Labor in the United States). The decline of child labor began when child labor laws began to take full effect. But especially in 1879, when the General Assembly began imposing fines on employers who employed children in dance halls, saloons, prostitution, and public performances. Other factors have also contributed to the decline of child labor. New machinery too complex for a child to operate forced employers to hire semi-skilled adults instead of children (Foner and Garraty). But perhaps the most important cause of the decline of child labor were the advocates who helped expose the cruelties imposed on innocent children..