Desmond Berghofer, “Ethical competence is closely associated with the concept of emotional competence, which determines how well we manage ourselves and others.” Desmond, president of the International Foundation of Learning and co-founder of the Institute for Ethical Leadership, published a short report entitled Ethical Competence Framework in which he explains that at the beginning of the 21st century we are starting to understand for the first time when we live in an interdependent world where no party can thrive without concern for the well-being of the other parties. Along with his ideology, he incorporates much of the research of his idol, Daniel Goleman, whose 1990s research focuses on the topic of "emotional intelligence." Berghofer refers to Goleman's definition of emotional competence as “a learned ability based on emotional intelligence that results in exceptional emotional performance”.